Bad Apple Theory of Human Error and Building Information Modelling: A Systemic Model for BIM Implementation

Building information modeling (BIM) is significantly influencing the way in which building and engineering projects are being planned, designed, constructed and maintained. It has been widely advocated that BIM will significantly reduce design and construction errors as well improve project cost and schedule. There is a lack of empirical research about the underlying ‘latent conditions’ contributing to error, which has resulted in a Bad Apple Theory of human error becoming ingrained within BIM research and practice. Changes to the way BIM is viewed as an error reduction tool are required if it is to significantly improve project performance. The paper proposes a systemic model for BIM implementation so that errors can be reduced. As a result of reducing errors subsequent rework, accidents and failures will also be reduced.