Emissions Modelling of Earthmoving Equipment

Earthmoving operations produce high amount of emissions and are one of the main sources of air pollutants in construction and mining industries. Modelling and quantifying the emissions produced by earthmoving equipment is the first step for developing emissions reduction schemes. Currently, emissions of construction and mining equipment are mainly estimated through simulation or laboratory tests which may not represent the real-world situations. This paper presents a comprehensive methodology to predict emission rates of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) of earthmoving equipment by considering operation modes and engine attributes. The developed framework includes three main processes of instrumentation, data collection and data analysis. Two instruments of portable emission measurement system (PEMS) and GPS aided inertial navigation system (GPS-INS) are proposed for conducting field experiments and collecting emission rates and operational parameters. Further, site observation is conducted to estimate the cycle time and time ratio of operation modes. An exploratory analysis method is then developed to process the gathered data and model emissions at operation and equipment level. The applicability of the developed methodology is finally verified through experimenting and modelling emissions of one loader and one excavator.